The optimization is achieved by solving online a nonlinear programming problem which considers the relation between the HPR and the organic loading rate (OLR), such that the latter is manipulated to maximize the former.
Leave one-out cross-validation generally leads to an overestimation of predictive capacity, and even with external validation, no one can be sure whether the selection of training and test sets was manipulated to maximize the predictive capacity of the model being published.
Since the alteration of the FCC unit configuration and catalyst development is not the focus of this work, even though they are very important in FCC unit optimization, only the operation variables are manipulated to maximize the yield of propylene lump (C3's).
Full valve actuation is taken into account: The opening angle of both the intake as well as the exhaust valve, as well as the variable valve lift are considered as plant inputs, which may be manipulated to maximize the air intake rate and hence the power, the engine delivers.
However, Juzwiak went on to note that Spears' vocals are heavily manipulated to maximize the chorus's potential, even though "the joy she sings about is palpable".
