Mr Zhupan no longer gives interviews to Russian media, who he says have manipulated his statements in the past.
EH: I like to think that the process of making this film was a trusting, intuitive process, rather than a manipulated, predestined statement, in that sense perhaps there is some similarity.
During cross-examination, Mr. Scardino accused Mr. Davis of manipulating financial statements and requesting that bribes be sent to an Antiguan auditor without Mr. Stanford's knowledge.
In late May, the New York attorney general sued Mr. Greenberg; the former chief financial officer, Howard I. Smith; and A.I.G., accusing them of manipulating financial statements and misleading regulators and investors.
Some experts also point to changes in the way top executives are paid -- especially the proliferation of potentially valuable stock options -- that have created new and perverse incentives for senior executives to manipulate financial statements for their personal short-term gain.
However, firms with abnormally high profitability may also have incentives to manipulate financial statements so as to reduce tax charges.
He said that Mr. Gollogly had not manipulated the financial statements to obtain bonuses but "made an honest attempt to get the books in good order".
He said that prosecutors informed senior Justice Department officials as early as 2007 that they were investigating whether Blackwater managers "manipulated" the official statements made by the guards to the State Department.
"I believe that Enron had a brief window to salvage itself this past fall," she said, "and we missed that opportunity because of Mr. Lay's failure to recognize or accept that the company had manipulated its financial statements".
In October 2000, Gen Re helped A.I.G. structure an accounting maneuver that the government said had artificially manipulated A.I.G.'s financial statements.
