The work also demonstrates the moderating role of involvement, in the effect of the factors manipulated in the study (message type and information-overload) on tourist destination image.
Several factors were manipulated in the study, including a) number of groups (10 or 20); b) percent of groups affected by DIF (40% or 70%) c) percent of DIF items (20%, 40%, or 60%); d) nature of DIF (difficulty or discrimination); and e) magnitude of DIF (small or large). .
In contrast to these previous studies however, the cues of likely sperm competition and mating rate that we manipulated in the present study were indirect; hence, it is possible that repeated emptying and re-filling of sperm reserves under a realised elevation in mating rate might affect sperm production parameters differently (see also [ 16, 55]).
The exterior store atmospherics manipulated in the present study, however, did not positively influence consumers' emotional states or liking.
Additionally, based upon the premise that preferences for specific store atmospherics may shape consumer behaviors (e.g., Caldwell and Hibbert 2002), it was proposed that preferences for the external store atmospherics manipulated in the present study may influence patronage intentions.
Further, although pleasure and liking of the storefront shaped purchase intentions, the exterior store atmospherics manipulated in the present study did not positively influence consumers' emotional states or liking.
These data suggest that sentence constraint (at least as manipulated in the current study) does not operate by making a single word form expected, but rather generates expectations about what kinds of words are likely to appear.
Specifically, indices of object-based attention are influenced by gestalt grouping principles like those manipulated in the present study (Kramer & Jacobson, 1991; Marino & Scholl, 2005; Matsukura & Vecera, 2006).
Although facial expressions were not explicitly manipulated in the current study, the face stimuli employed here included both neutral (i.e., expressionless) and happy (i.e., smiling) faces.
The GenBank accession numbers for the three proteins manipulated in this study are as follows: ClrB, EPS31045; BGL2, EPS25645; CreA, EPS28222.
Estrogen level was not manipulated in this study and showed only moderate variance in the sample.
