If trial-by-trial differences in RT are viewed as naturally-occurring analogues of experimentally-manipulated differences in stimulus parameters, variation in either the amplitude or the duration of neurocognitive processes might be expected to reliably modulate RT.
Responses of specific bacterial taxa to nutrients differed in the two experiments, reflecting the differences in manipulated and unmanipulated communities as well as the difference in available organic and inorganic nutrient pools at the time of the experiments (Table 1).
We showed that the control of ovulation using either a hormonal induction or a manipulated photoperiod could induce differences in the egg mRNA abundance of specific genes.
First, we showed, for the first time in fish, that the control of ovulation using either a hormonal induction or a manipulated photoperiod can induce differences in the egg mRNA abundance of specific genes.
Throughout embryo development, from early cleavage (2-cell) to 2 dpf, both control and laser-manipulated embryos/larvae were visually inspected for differences in hatching rates and for abnormal development (i.e. body plan, curved dorsals, malformation of the body axis and asymmetric yolk sacs).
Johansson and colleagues failed to find any systematic differences in the explanations of choice between the manipulated and non-manipulated trials, using a wide variety of measures.
As shown in Figure 8, we observed no significant differences in the body plan of the laser-manipulated larva as compared to the control larva.
In our study, no significant differences in hatching rates and developmental morphologies were observed in laser-manipulated samples relative to controls.
The shift of synchronized timing of biting towards the early morning/late night in our experiments could be an effect of the set-up (e.g., differences in temperature and light compared to nature), or due to species-specific timing of manipulated behavior.
Overall, there were few differences in growth and size among genotypes, making it reasonable to attribute changes in herbivore damage, mortality, and other interactions to the manipulated chemical traits, rather than plant apparency or attractiveness based on size and development.
We found no difference in remating times between manipulated and control males.
