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A second approach aims to manipulate the host immune response by including immunologic molecular adjuvants as part of the vaccine including T cell costimulatory molecules, cytokines, and chemokines.
The bacterial type III secretion system is a specialized machine that injects effectors into eukaryotic cells to manipulate the host cell physiology.
Pathogenic E. coli species including EPEC, EHEC and Shigella spp. use specialized T3SSs to deliver effector proteins into their mammalian hosts in order to manipulate the host response in their favor.
Some of these changes may not result solely from host responses, but actively induced changes by parasites/parasitoids to manipulate the host to acquire some benefit (e.g. parasite/parasitoid survivorship or dispersal ability).
As Leishmania reside within macrophages, they deviously manipulate the host innate and acquired immune mechanisms.
The ability of many viruses to manipulate the host antiviral immune response often results in complex host-pathogen interactions.
By comparison, the interaction mediated by a phage-encoded H-NS would manipulate the host genome via down-regulation of many genes.
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Our findings suggest that if we can manipulate the host-cellular factors that mediate viral evolution, we may be able to significantly retard viral adaptability.
Results from our modelling suggest that the feedback from manipulating the host is sufficient to acquire and maintain both the behavioural manipulation (zombie) and liquefaction (gooey) traits.
Although these projects may initially appear to have no common threads, they are all related in that they focus on deliberately manipulating the host?s response in order to elicit a predetermined, desired biological outcome.
In some individuals, however, the bacteria survive by manipulating the host's immune response [19].
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