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In five of the six groups, juveniles or subadults were the first individuals to manipulate the box successfully (Tab. S1).
A frame (70×70 cm) was placed near the front end of the box, to reduce the number of animals that could manipulate the box at the same time.
The animals could freely manipulate the box and always open it in two different ways (by either pulling or pushing the door).
Because we could not remove individual redfronted lemurs, we cannot know whether these individuals did not learn the task, or whether they did not manipulate the box to avoid aggression.
The same logic applied to two subjects of group G and K that instantly learned to solve the task in the free condition in 2009: in both cases the dominant female found out how to manipulate the box successfully by using one of the two techniques (in group G, GAB with push and in group K, KAT with pull) and continued to do so throughout the experiment.
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(GP23/F/9) I probably manipulate the boxes, so if I think that a patient has a high suspicion of cancer I'll probably still send them on a two week form and I put a letter and a note with it to say why, because patients don't always tick boxes.
Although the exact learning mechanism could unfortunately not be determined with this experimental setting, redfronted lemurs who observed others manipulating the box for a longer time required fewer manipulations at the box until their first success.
We used the rate of observing others manipulating the box as the dependent variable.
Nearly half of the subjects who actually manipulated the box successfully learned to perform the task in this field setting.
In the two groups with pre-training, 12 out of 20 individuals manipulated the box and 10 of them successfully.
Apart from that, the experimenter was standing about 2 m from the platform, watching the model manipulating the box.
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