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Investors have learnt that shares go down as well as up; that investment bankers have a vested interest in selling stocks; that company bosses can manipulate accounts to suit their own pockets rather than their shareholders'; and that capitalism means that companies can and do go bust.
Given these two opposite effects of profitability on the firm's propensity to manipulate accounts, the sign of the relationship between ROI and the dependent variable is an open issue.
Webster's International Dictionary, Supra, defines "manipulate" as "to manage or treat artfully of fraudulently; as to Manipulate accounts.... 4. Exchanges.
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Studies indicate that they're more likely to engage in questionable tax-avoidance schemes, to manipulate accounting data, to overpay for corporate acquisitions, and to seek excessive compensation.
With a more opaque information environment and fewer derivative lawsuits to attract regulators' attention, managers may be more likely to manipulate accounting statements.
Therefore, firms with a low level of profitability may have incentives to manipulate accounting information to improve their solvency indicators.
In sum, large shareholders will reduce managerial capacity to manipulate accounting information and should reduce the incidence of qualifications due to errors or non-compliance with GAAP.
Mr. Hallett said he drained his bank account, then manipulated accounts at the doctor's office where he worked, to keep finding the money to gamble.
If managers truly manipulated accounts to line their own pockets, then surely this is fraud on a criminal scale, and deserves prosecution.
In a drive to meet Wall Street forecasts, Freddie Mac breached accounting rules and manipulated accounts, an internal probe found.
The Federal Accounts Court (TCU) ruled that the government manipulated accounts to hide fiscal deficit in 2014, to ensure the reelection of the PT.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com