The proposed hybrid method combines three approaches: a boundary manikin approach, a population sampling approach, and a special population approach.
The boundary manikin approach places two boundary manikins (5% female and 95% male) inside a virtual vehicle cab to perform tests.
Results confirmed the expected interaction between stimulus valence and response assignment: participants responded faster when they had to make the manikin approach words with positive valence or when they had to make it avoid words with negative valence than vice versa.
The fourth and last manikin (MAN) approach used a multisegment, anthropomorphic, thermal model developed in our laboratory; it represents a small-for-gestational-age neonate and takes into account the body's thermal heterogeneity and different segment shapes.
The first one consists in immersing the designer in the virtual world of the mechanical system; the second one takes advantage of a semi-automatic approach where the manikins are controlled through a predefined kinematical and ergonomic behaviour.
Finally, the MAN approach used a black-painted manikin (6 body segments) with locally controlled surface temperatures.
In order to study the emotional state elicited by the font size and style, we have selected the dimensional approach along with the Self-Assessment Manikin test.
First, in both the SRC and IAT, participants are instructed explicitly to categorize target stimuli (e.g. substance-related or neutral) with 'approach' in one block and 'avoid' in another block of the task (in the SRC, but not the IAT, this is accompanied by a symbolic approach or avoidance movement of a manikin).
Compared with the manikins, the two other approaches underestimated this mode of heat exchange.
Right Internal Jugular Vein (RIJV) and Right Axillary Vein (RAV) with either linear probe (LP) [HFL38, with the M-Turbo®, Sonosite, Bothewell, MA], or micro-convex probe (MCP) [GE8C, with a Vivid 7®, General Electric, 78457 Velizy, France] using IP and OOP approaches were performed on an inanimate manikin (Blue Phantom II, CAE Healthcare St. Louis, MO).
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has shown that there is no statistically significant difference in the samplers' performance when they are tested in the small and large wind tunnels following the Simplified Test Protocol and in the large wind tunnel following the conventional approach (samplers on a full-size human manikin).
