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Several studies have demonstrated that people with type 2 diabetes have activation of the HPA axis, manifested by elevated basal plasma cortisol levels (9, 10), higher late-night salivary cortisol levels (11), elevated ACTH levels (12), increased cortisol levels following overnight dexamethasone suppression (13, 14), and impaired habituation of cortisol levels to repeated stress (15).
Results: Eight subjects (40%) had sleep apnea, manifested by elevated apnea index (mean ± SD, 17.1 ± 6.9) and excessive daytime sleepiness.
The former may be a predominant "chemical" mechanism involved an oxidative stress paradigm, as manifested by elevated ROS and depleted GSH, while the latter is mainly due to a direct "physical" damage to cell membrane.
Furthermore, it suggests that activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in psychiatric patients, as manifested by elevated post-DEX cortisol concentrations, may influence pituitary volume.
McKee et al. (1981) suggest that a small body of magma intruded to shallow levels in 1977 1978, as manifested by elevated seismicity, incandescence to 1000 °C, and widespread fumarolic activity.
We also investigated whether the increased expression of MMP-2 is manifested by elevated MMP-2 enzymatic activity.
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Due to ionizing radiation in the space environment, more than 1/3 of the pixels on the ACA CCD have detectable damage as manifested by an elevated dark current, as shown in Figure 1.
The nutritional stimuli affect the TOR (target of rapamycin) regulatory pathway [11] and trigger an endocrine response manifested by an elevated juvenile hormone titre in queen larvae, compared to worker bee larvae [12].
Since our intent was to track public interest as opposed to estimating disease activity, the periodic "spikes" of differing intensity observed in Figures 3 to 5 are not necessarily indicative of intense public interest, which one might expect to be manifested by a sustained elevated signal rather than sporadic short-lived bursts of tweets.
This is manifested clinically by elevated hemidiaphragms on chest radiography.
A hyperdynamic cardiovascular dysfunction is the result of excess thyroid hormone secretion by the thyroid gland, in these patients, manifested mainly by elevated levels of serum triiodothyronine.
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