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The clinical manifestations in complex multifactorial RDDs result from the interplay among multiple susceptibility genes and epigenetic and/or environmental factors; therefore, conventional linkage and positional cloning methods have not been very effective in identifying the underlying genetic cause(s).
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D&A is likely a frontline manifestation of multi-level problems in complex health systems; yet efforts to address D&A have typically focused on micro-levels - either health providers' ethics or users' demand for quality care.
Using multiple regression analysis to integrate autoantibody and clinical data permits accurate prediction of clinical manifestations with complex etiologies in pSLE.
Autoimmune manifestations in NOD mice represent a complex disease involving genetics, sensitivity to exogenous factors and defects in central and peripheral tolerance [ 44].
In addition, the clinical manifestations are more complex in human SLE, with multiple organ involvement, whereas in mice glomerulonephritis is the main disease phenotype.
Rare, recessive founder mutations may also play a role in patients with severe manifestations of complex diseases, or complex traits at the extreme tail of the population distribution.
The particular manifestations of complex systems and chaotic systems are both determined in part or in whole by initial conditions.
Autoimmune manifestations in NOD mice develop through a complex interplay of several factors composed of genetic predisposition and intrinsic immune dysfunctions which manifest under the influence of environmental conditions [ 49].
However, aPL antibodies recognizing cofactor proteins in complex with phospholipids have been reported to have a closer association with clinical manifestations in APS [ 8- 13].
Many of the disease manifestations in SLE are related to immune complexes, consisting of autoantibodies and remnants of apoptotic cells [ 1].
In conclusion, quantitatively determined metabolites turned out to be highly valuable in detecting genes and pathways that are involved in the manifestation of complex traits.
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