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It thus constitutes an essential instrument for preliminary mandatory research in molecular plant breeding and transgenics.
To increase academic productivity within the residency, a mandatory research requirement was implemented in July 2010.
In the fourth year of medical school, students from both curricula conducted mandatory research in a dedicated two month period.
Recent publications [ 30] have questioned the value of mandatory research requirements during residency training in western settings [ 31, 32].
As part of their mandatory research activities, three anaesthesiology residents assisted the first author in collecting the questionnaires.
In Nigeria, in addition to a mandatory research component of postgraduate training, trainee residents participate in various types of research as part of their extra-curricular academic activities.
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In the United States, it is mandatory that research institutions receiving funds from the Public Health Service should provide education in the responsible conduct of research for all their research personnel [ 5].
Adequate information for patients and respect for their autonomy are mandatory in research.
Review and approval by an ERC is mandatory for research [ 4].
All NMRC personnel were certified as having completed mandatory human research ethics education curricula and training under the direction of the NMRC Office of Research Administration and Human Subjects Protections Program.
Mandatory participation in research activity has been shown to improve students' knowledge and attitudes towards research [ 9].
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