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In recent years mandatory pensions across the OECD, net of taxes and social-security contributions, averaged over 70% of previous net earnings for people on average pay and over 80% for the low-paid.
The geography of joblessness ReprintsAll this changed with the reforms of 2004, which not only instituted mandatory pensions at most private firms, but also converted the government scheme from defined-benefit to defined-contribution (in which the risk of poor investment returns lies with the participants, not the sponsor).
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In most countries the proportion of the workforce covered by mandatory pension plans is worryingly low.
Mandatory pension saving, introduced in Australia in 1992, would be controversial in Britain.
Its mandatory pension business is one of the largest in the region.
Hungary, for instance, set up a mandatory pension system in 1998 to supplement the state scheme, with contributions deducted from wages and invested in a private fund.
Without future workers in the pipeline, many young workers view the mandatory pension system as a one-way intergenerational asset transfer.
Though United -- a subsidiary of UAL -- has been in Chapter 11 bankruptcy since December 2002, it has been operating normally; until now it has made good on all its mandatory pension contributions, even as it negotiated other wage and benefit cuts from its unions.
For example, "Public sector employees [in France] are unable to opt out of their mandatory pension plan which already provides a relatively high level of benefit," according to a 2010 feasibility study ordered by the European Commission.
In 1994, the council sought to correct the problem by offering injured civilians their full salary but subtracting mandatory pension contributions and the amount "normally" withheld for federal and state income taxes.
This article was amended on 7 December 2015 to clarify that the main figures compared countries based on state pension plus mandatory private pension savings.
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