She added that the university believed the evacuations were legal substitutes for the mandated fire drills.
"You have benefits from the new personal accounts increasingly substituting for the mandated benefits," said Peter Ferrara, a professor at the George Mason School of Law.
The dust-up started last Friday, when The Washington Post published an op-ed article by Mr. Woodward that said Mr. Obama was "moving the goal posts" by insisting that a substitute for the Congressionally mandated automatic spending cuts include new revenue.
However, there are two things that are fairly well established: (1) payroll taxes fall on workers and are a dollar-for-dollar substitute for employee compensation and (2) employee benefits – whether mandated or not -- are a dollar-for-dollar substitute for wages.
They will do that by blatantly distorting the Constitution, substituting a refusal to allow the constitutionally mandated nomination process for the legislative process in which they simply do not have the votes to accomplish what they want.
The increased cost of informal employment, i.e., workers not receiving mandated benefits, leads firms to comply with the rules by substituting formal employees for informal employees (substitution effect) and to reduce the size of the labor force (scale effect).
John Dellapina, a spokesman for the N.H.L., cited minutes from a Board of Governors meeting that noted the league has mandated the anthem be played since 1946 "as a show of patriotism" but has allowed "God Bless America" as a substitute since the 1970s.
The teams presumably would try to agree on another player as a substitute for Lloyd, although the Expos might need cash in return so they could keep their payroll at $39 million, as mandated by Commissioner Bud Selig.
He said the panel's majority had "substituted its own policy judgment for that of the Federal Communications Commission and upset the ongoing review of broadcast media regulation mandated by Congress in the Telecommunications Act of 1996".
[FN 19] The Second Circuit in Texaco, however, substituted rationalization for common sense in using a classic technique to reach a result it desired rather than accept the result that the plain meaning of the statutory language mandated.
In essence, it mandated montage.
