However, the relative significance of these varies between different sub-sectors, and so do managerial ways of dealing with them.
Her bespoke selvesware engine performs social-network analytics, prioritizes project milestones and sends post-meeting communiqués in ways that utterly transform her "normal" or "typical" managerial style.
Typically, managerial reforms gave way to a second wave of reform focusing on institutional arrangements (networks and partnerships) and administrative values (public service and social inclusion).
Decades of middle-way managerial politics have led us into a catastrophe that nobody really knows how to escape, beyond hiding in the past.
In addition, the legitimacy of this unequal system is high: because it has found ways to spread the wealth down to the managerial class in a way the early 19th century did not.
Says John F. Murray, a sports performance psychologist: "The managerial ejection is a way to change the tempo of a game, a very tactical way of delaying and distracting".
Teddy Sheringham's managerial career gets under way as his Stevenage side welcome Notts County on the opening day of the 2015/16 Sky Bet League Two campaign.
By turning rates of bunting, stealing and pinch-hitting into hair sizes, nose shapes and smile widths, Dr. Wang used a kind of statistical Mr. Potato Head to portray the spectrum of managerial characteristics in a way that intrigued even the skippers themselves.
The new divide, by contrast, pits Labour's co-operative, decentralising tradition against its managerial, centralising one in a way that the "Red Ed" blather does not quite capture.
Non-executive members of NHS boards took interest in what policy makers regarded as the most important policy and managerial issues, in a way that reflected their organisation's role in the wider health economy and their own role in governance activities outside board meetings.
