The pesticide use impacts of the six major, commercial GE pest-management traits are modeled and then aggregated over the 16 years since commercial introduction.
A model was developed to quantify by crop and year the impacts of six major transgenic pest-management traits on pesticide use in the U.S. over the 16-year period, 1996 2011: herbicide-resistant corn, soybeans, and cotton; Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn targeting the European corn borer; Bt corn for corn rootworms; and Bt cotton for Lepidopteron insects.
Prioritizing vulnerable native taxa for active management– The traits determining a native species' vulnerability to an invader, and the mechanisms by which it eventually adapts to the invader's presence, likely will show strong phylogenetic conservatism.
In herd management, milk content traits such as fat and protein percentage, fat : protein ratio, and milk urea nitrogen are used for early detection of problems associated with metabolism.
The practical implications are above all the needs for organizational and individual management of leader trait anger.
Today's pest-management related GE traits have proven popular and commercially profitable for the biotech-seed industry, but over-reliance has set the stage for resistance-driven problems in both herbicide-resistant and Bt-transgenic crops.
Hence, the collection of genetic variant data in national databases will contribute significantly to the prevention of genetic diseases in the population and might greatly impact the management of complex trait diseases in the future.
Especially, few studies have reported the life history traits and management of early successional herbaceous plant species in riparian zones.
We propose that it is important to consider how the wide range of energy crops, with their specific traits and management requirements, may play a role when devising novel and more sustainable agricultural production systems.
This emphasizes the importance of species life-history traits for management decisions with regard to landscape connectivity: while dispersal corridors are essential for species with under-compensatory density regulation, they may have detrimental effects for endangered species with over-compensation.
As an example of the approach, we used response surface methodology (RS M in connection with the CERES-Wheat model and the HADCM2 climate simulation model to identify optimal configurations of plant traits and management practices that maximize yield of winter wheat in high CO2 environments.
