In the United States, the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), administered by Fema, provides federally subsidized plans in locales that agree to implement its floodplain management ordinances.
This means much of Hurricane Sandy's cost is likely to be borne by the National Flood Insurance Program, in which the federal government covers flood claims in communities that have adopted local flood plain management ordinances.
Most municipalities implement policies that encourage (i.e., weed and grass height ordinances) and restrict (i.e., irrigation ordinances) lawn management.
Town officials set up a risk management fund and passed an ordinance that protects it from being raided, Ms. Donatelli said.
It calls for a city manager equivalent to a chief operating officer: someone "with sole responsibility for hiring, directing and managing personnel, coordinating day-to-day operations and implementing the management initiatives of the multiyear plan, and proposing ordinances".
"These are out of control," Councilman Ed Reyes, chairman of the Council's planning and land-use management committee, who oversaw the writing of the ordinance, said in an interview at City Hall.
Preliminary mitigation strategies involve risk communication (poison information center hotlines, signage, informational brochures and materials), natural resource management (shellfish bed closures), and nutrient controls (municipal fertilizer ordinances).
This regulation was followed in 2005 by the creation of the Department of National Defense (DND) Unexploded Explosive Ordinance and UXO Legacy Sites Program to address the challenge of MEC management [35].
The findings reveal the importance of social dimensions in sustainable stormwater management and suggest target areas for increasing awareness of the fertilizer ordinance and strengthening the link between social norms and environmental stewardship.
Growth management measures, such as urban growth boundaries and hillside protection ordinances that limit where building happens, are rules passed by elected officials and voters.
