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Historically, the management of maize pests has focused on conventional insecticides.
A rich body of literature on farmer management of maize varieties in the crop's center of origin in present day Mexico has revealed that varieties are maintained as open genetic systems with frequent gene flow occurring between landraces and between landraces and improved varieties [ 54, 55].
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Both publications relate to the environmental risk assessment and management of Bt-maize, including maize events MON810, Bt11 and maize 1507.
Therefore, more general measures based on the precautionary principle are required for risk management of Bt maize cultivation.
Our results indicate that the exponential model previously used by some authors and currently used for risk assessment and management of Bt maize [37],[71]-[77] is inferior to the power function in terms of goodness of fit.
Both publications relate to the environmental risk assessment and management of Bt-maize in the EU [4], including maize events MON810, Bt11 and maize 1507.
The interpretation of pollen deposition data and how to use them for risk assessments and risk management of Bt-maize differ widely between the approach of the EFSA Panel and the studies of Hofmann et al. The estimates of the EFSA Panel [1, 4] depend on an exposure model that is based only partially on observational data.
In a village level study of maize landrace management in Oaxaca, Mexico, it was demonstrated that even if the genetic differentiation was very low, the phenotypic differentiation was high for agronomically important quantitative traits [ 56].
This observation applies to both daily mean and (especially) individual values and is of practical relevance for the risk assessment and management of insect-resistant Bt maize.
The planting of Bt maize has provided an effective management option for many key pests of maize, but recent cases of pest resistance illustrate the potential limitations of this technology.
More diversified management will increase the sustainability of pest management in maize.
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