Beyond improvements to restoration and management, studies of evolutionary responses during restoration could be useful for studying constraints to evolution (Antonovics 1976; Blows and Hoffmann 2005) or for identifying candidate genes for specific traits of interest (Hoffmann and Willi 2008).
In order to manage those factors effectively, the process and templates of Synapsis Brazil were adjusted so that the application of statistical process control knowledge and techniques could be easily adopted by project managers during quantitative management of small sized evolutionary projects.
These aspects include the influence and management of rapid evolution, predicting the dynamics of invaded communities, the practical advantages of evolutionary management, the benefits of nonnatives, and unforeseen problems associated with control and eradication.
From the standpoint of management, evolutionary responses can influence population productivity and therefore change harvest yield (Conover and Munch 2002; Olsen et al. 2004; de Roos et al. 2006; Hutchings and Fraser 2008).
While not as advanced as Bt management, there has been some application of evolutionary principles to the management of glyphosate resistance in weeds (one factor which is both a long-term rationale and a short-term impediment of sorts is that glyphosate is far more cost-effective than any other chemical in many weed control scenarios).
For food, Thrall et al. (2011) lead off with a synthesis of directions and constraints for the evolutionary management of agro-ecosystems. 1 They focus on pest and pathogen management as exemplars for integration of agronomic, ecological, and evolutionary thinking.
Conversely, they are costly to build and maintain; they have ecological costs through blocking migration routes, restriction of biodiversity range use which may result in overabundance, inbreeding and isolation; restriction of evolutionary potential; management; amenity and ethical costs.
Hence, any future proposal for evolutionary management of cattle domestication should consider this worldwide structure of the breeds to design conservation programmes and mating schemes.
A few exceptional studies have heeded recent calls for better integration of ecological concepts in the study and management of wildlife disease; however, evolutionary concepts remain underused.
This is followed by a perspective piece that examines evolutionary management of permanently invaded biotic systems across these domains (Carroll 2011).
