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The report, which examined selected management systems for protected lands and waters within the United States (i.e., National Forests, National Parks, National Wildlife Refuges, Wild and Scenic Rivers, National Estuaries, and Marine Protected Areas), was written by a team of 61 scientists and managers and represents the largest review to date of management adaptations.
The development of species assemblages during the full forestry rotation period must be understood in order to assess the need for management adaptations and to get a basis for their design.
Here, we summarize general principles for management adaptations that have emerged from a major literature review.
To date, the literature on management adaptations to climate change has mostly focused on strategies for bolstering the resilience of ecosystems to persist in their current states.
Thus far, the literature has focused largely on management adaptations that increase the resilience of ecological systems to climate change (Scheffer and others 2001; Turner II and others 2003; Tompkins and Adger 2004; Hansen and others 2003; Grimsditch and Salm 2006; Walker and Salt 2006; Heller and Zavelata 2009).
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Planned adaptation (i.e., management adaptation), on the other hand, refers to strategies adopted by society to manage systems based on an awareness that conditions are about to change or have changed, such that action is required to meet management goals (modified from IPCC 2001).
Mountain grassland ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to direct climate impacts and to indirect climate change impacts through farmers' management adaptation.
Water management adaptation options to regional climate induced changes until 2050 were developed together with stakeholders for the Wesermarsch County (Northern Germany).
Therefore, we conclude that, to explain and predict adaptation to climate change, the constraints limiting forest management adaptation to climate change must be considered and addressed to make change successful.
Furthermore, the literature review presented in this paper has indicated a gap of integrated approaches and methodologies for assessing the impacts of climate change related to emergency management adaptation strategies in a holistic way.
Second, to map land management adaptation to these storylines, we used a role playing game whereby farmers were put in an imaginary future situation and asked to make decisions under scenario constraints.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com