Finally, we simulated the behaviour of our population under effective management actions reducing the impact of poisoning (scenario 3 in Table 2), using actual adult survival estimates obtained in our study area but without poison effects (see Results).
Adaptive management in the context of climate change involves the consideration of potential climate impacts, the design of management actions that take those impacts into account, monitoring of climate-sensitive species and processes to measure management effectiveness, and the redesign and implementation of improved (or new) management actions.
MPA managers are faced with high levels of uncertainty about likely outcomes of management actions because climate change impacts have strong interactions with existing stressors, such as land-based sources of pollution, overfishing and destructive fishing practices, invasive species, and diseases.
We then discuss the impact of recent and current road encroachment in wilderness areas, and finally, we propose two management actions to mitigate the impact of roads on elephants and other mobile terrestrial species in the Congo Basin.
Results benefit the evaluation of future management actions and their associated impacts on priority ecosystem services such as C sequestration, biodiversity, and disturbance prevention.
The current spatial distribution of structural types and the cost of changing one structural type into another via management actions had a major impact on the spatial prioritization outcomes and management recommendations.
The objective in these studies is to simulate the current and projected movement of individuals in relationship to pedestrian infrastructure or management actions to determine the impact on visitor experience and infrastructure capacity.
We continue in that vein by applying a multi-scale landscape approach to distinguish between the effects of natural seascape variation and management actions when assessing the impacts of marine reserve designation.
Other, non-anthropogenic sources of emissions, such as permafrost melting in the arctic and associated CO2 fluxes, are important for understanding the global C cycle, but are less likely to be impacted by direct management actions.
To manage such populations, it is necessary to know which factors most strongly impact Ne and how to mitigate these impacts through management actions.
