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Such high densities were found in both natural and managed willow stands (Fig. 1).
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Thus, the fact that natural willow stands consisted solely of S. cinerea and the managed ones of S. viminalis may be less of a problem than intuitively thought.
These showed that, over the years, elk have stripped the park of its aspen and willow stands.
The animals, which can weigh up to 700 pounds for a full-grown bull, feed on fragile aspen and willow stands.
RSCP showed slightly higher fractal dimension and significantly higher elongation index in more intensified area B. The analysis of RSCP types on these areas showed a shift, accompanying increased agricultural impact, from pure stands to mixed, from trees to scrub, from ash alder and white willow stands to mixed riverine willow stands.
Establishing fast growing willow stands on land disposed contaminated dredged sediment can result in the revaluation of this material and opens possibilities for phytoremediation.
The willow stands were selected without any knowledge about beetle density in previous years.
Density of the leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima showed greater temporal variability in willow plantations than in natural willow stands during the study period (1999 2005).
We found that populations of the leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima showed greater temporal variation in willow plantations than in natural willow stands, although the average density of beetles was similar in the two habitats during the study period.
The purpose of the current study was to compare the temporal variability in the density of the leaf beetle P. vulgatissima between 20 willow plantations and 20 natural willow stands over a seven year period (1999 2005).
The leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima frequently reach outbreak densities in natural willow stands [33] [35], as well as in willow plantations used for biomass production, where they are considered pests [36] [38].
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