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We genotyped 703 coffee shrubs from unmanaged and managed coffee populations, using 24 microsatellite loci.
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Overall diversity in managed coffee agroforests was intermediate between the intensively managed and more natural habitats.
However, the three most abundant taxa of arthropods (ants, spiders, and beetles) had the highest number of species in managed coffee agroforests, while ant abundance was highest in abandoned coffee agroforests and spider abundance highest in managed coffee agroforests.
Although species richness of adult trees was similar in the three habitats, species richness of saplings and seedlings was much higher in forest and abandoned coffee than in managed coffee sites.
Analyses of community similarity revealed that open (pasture, and rice) and shaded (forest, abandoned and managed coffee agroforests) land-use types had distinct arthropod communities.
Richness of forest bats was the same across all land-use types; in contrast, species richness of open-space bats increased in low shade, intensively managed coffee plantations.
Somehow they also manage coffee and a doughnut.
Studies [10, 11] also indicated the possibility of extraction of total polyphenol compounds and antioxidants from coffee pulp to manage coffee waste.
We found strong genetic differentiation between managed and unmanaged coffee populations, but without significant differences in within-population genetic diversity.
Some of the last remaining forest fragments in Ethiopia, and the world's only habitats that retain genetically diverse wild Arabica coffee populations, have experienced rapid recent conversion to coffee farms, plantations and agricultural fields.
Our results suggest that shade diversity is actively managed by coffee farmers and that all three types of coffee management studied may have an important role to play in the conservation of regional biodiversity.
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