Notably, effect sizes between maltreatment and wake-up cortisol were significantly larger (Qbetween = 5.18, p = 0.02) for studies of agency-referred samples, g = 0.24, p = 0.006, than studies for which maltreatment status was based on self-report, g = 0.00, p = 0.97, with maltreatment associated with reduced wake-up cortisol levels.
The prevalence of hypertension by child maltreatment status and social services visitation is presented in Figure 1.
At the time when eligible participants are first approached by phone, most reports will still be under AMK investigation, so the families' maltreatment status will not be known at the time of study inclusion.
Parent child dyads for whom maltreatment is not confirmed, or dyads that are given a 'no maltreatment' status, will be excluded from the study sample before the first follow-up assessment six months later.
The maltreatment verification status will be established in a multi-disciplinary meeting at the end of the AMK investigation.
Secondly, the present study did not assess other factors which may influence telomere length, e.g., smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy eating, body mass index, childhood maltreatment, socioeconomic status, physical activity [ 2], and current life stress [ 10].
Gender and age were entered as covariates, along with child maltreatment, bipolar disorder status, as well as the interaction between childhood maltreatment and bipolar disorder status.
Risk factors for child maltreatment are low socio-economic status, parental mental health problems, family isolation, and single parenthood [ 5– 7].
Second, we had no variable for environmental risk factors, including parents' education, socioeconomic status, substance abuse and health, or other maltreatments during childhood besides abuse.
This study reviews the available literature on HRQL associated with child maltreatment using either preference-based, health status, or other approaches.
Potential confounders included: sexual identity, parent attended residential school, ever been in foster care, city, relationship status, education level, and childhood maltreatment.
