But the Iranians had always denied that the problems were caused by malicious computer code.
Illegal file sharing can introduce malicious computer code, like viruses and spyware, into a university's network.
"Our site and email servers are being continually bombarded by malicious computer attacks, mainly from China," it complains.
Malware, in full malicious software, malicious computer program, or "malicious software," such as viruses, trojans, spyware, and worms.
An infiltrator could slip malicious computer software onto them, which could change the results of an election.
He also publicly acknowledged, apparently for the first time, that the country's nuclear program had been disrupted recently by malicious computer software that attacked its centrifuges.
For example, future autonomous vehicles will rely heavily on global positioning satellite data and other systems, which are vulnerable to jamming by malicious computer hackers.
Officially, neither American nor Israeli officials will even utter the name of the malicious computer program, much less describe any role in designing it.
Trojan, also called Trojan horse virus, a type of malicious computer software (malware) disguised within legitimate or beneficial programs or files.
Earlier, a spokesman ruled out a denial-of-service attack, in which a malicious computer program sends thousands of requests for information to a site, swamping the servers.
When Mr. Hypponen joined F-Secure 15 years ago, when it was known as Data Fellows, the power of malicious computer code was just being discovered.
