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RPE cell malfunction is involved in many eye diseases including age related macular degeneration (AMD) [ 18, 19] and DR through production of inflammatory cytokines and caspase-mediated inflammatory and apoptotic pathways [ 20].
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Is it still a wardrobe malfunction if almost no wardrobe is involved in the malfunction?
In addition to immune cells, marked activation of epithelial cells was another important characteristics of allergic diseases and substantial evidence has demonstrated that epithelial cells are able to mediate and regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses [12], indicating that malfunction of epithelia cells is involved in the initial cause of allergic diseases.
Since UPP is involved in essential biological processes, the malfunction in this pathway is associated with a variety of diseases leading to the development of PIs.
The GTPase activator p250GAP emerges as an additional target of miR-132 which is involved in mediating the stress-inducible cognitive malfunctioning.
Furthermore, miR-133b is involved in the maturation and function of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons that malfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease [15], [20].
Dolichol functions as a free-radical scavenger in the cell membranes, and may interact with Vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids to form a highly matched free-radical-transfer chain whose malfunctioning might be involved in statin toxicity.
Renal impairment may be involved in the malfunction of these cells.
We focused on the most likely candidates to be involved in intestinal malfunctioning: human gyrovirus, cryptosporidium parvum-virus, Aichi virus and cosavirus, together with the new IAS virus and the unexpected NANBH virus.
A deeper understanding of the relationship between SL metabolism and autophagy explains how intact or impaired SL-related autophagic pathways are involved in the malfunctions associated with neurodegeneration, cancer, and other diseases.
Clearly, malfunctioning of epigenetic enzymes and the subsequent aberrant epigenetic modifications are involved in development and progression of different cancer types, including breast cancer.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com