Malformations that occurred were mainly classical ones seen with maternal diabetes and included; cardiac transposition (n = 3), ventricular septal defect (n = 3), atrial septal defect (n = 1), hydrocephalus (n = 1), cystic kidney (n = 1), rectal atresia (n = 1), missing tibia (n = 1), esophageal fistula (n = 1), sacral agenesis (n = 1) and caudal regression syndrome (n = 1).
Nonparasitic liver cysts (NLCs) are congenital benign malformations that occur in approximately 1 5% of the general population [1].
Initially, we identified and characterized gonadal malformations (morphologies that occurred in atrazine-treated animals but not in controls) by identifying anomalies in 30 animals treated with 25 ppb atrazine.
We are interested in how embryonic pattern is generated and the resultant congenital malformations that occur when patterning fails.
Sonic Hedgehog therefore appears to provide a link between the set of malformations seen in FOXF1 mutation cases and the set seen in whole cluster deletion cases: the malformations that occur are all seen in Shh−/− mice.
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) comprise a spectrum of malformations that occur at the level of the kidney (e.g., hypoplasia and dysplasia), collecting system (e.g., idiopathic hydronephrosis, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and megaureter), bladder (e.g., ureterocele and vesicoureteral reflux), or urethra (e.g., posterior urethral valves) [ 48].
The specific timing of the insult during otic capsule development determines the resulting type of malformation along a spectrum of congenital inner ear malformations that can occur when the normal process of development is impacted, even if it is not necessarily understood why this result occurs.
In the case of cardiac malformations, for example, one may focus specifically on exposure that occurred no later than in the second month of pregnancy, which corresponds to a period of rapid fetal heart formation.
For our analysis, we selected 111,315 deliveries that occurred during the year 2011, excluding incomplete data and miscarriages or termination of pregnancy before 28 weeks of gestation because of fatal malformations, intrauterine death, or other reasons.
Misregulation of FGF/FGFR signaling can result in severe dysmorphogenesis and disease, including malformations of the palate that occur as a part of a syndrome or contribute to the occurrence of isolated cleft palate (Dixon et al., 2011).
Lymphatic malformations are congenital vascular anomalies that occur from abnormal development of the lymphatic channels.
