Finally, diagnostic imaging for all female genito-urinary malformations is presented with emphasis on the more complex anomalies, which are better understood on this embryologic basis, in other words, according to the updated embryological and clinical classification of female genito-urinary malformations [8]. Figure 1 shows schemes of female genito-urinary embryology [8, 9, 10, 11].
Individuals with cavernous malformations can present with epilepsy and focal neurological deficits or acute intracranial haemorrhage, although these vascular malformations are often discovered as incidental findings.
Venous malformations are common vascular malformations, presenting at any location, including the head and neck region.
Most lymphatic malformations present before 2 years of age.
Although infants and children suffering from intestinal vascular malformations may present with symptoms such as abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, diarrhea or vomiting, some cases are asymptomatic and thus remain hidden from the diagnostician's eye for quite some time.
Four newborn infants presented with malformations, without any consistent pattern of affected organs.
Chiari malformation presents with a variety of symptoms, including dysphagia, upper extremity weakness, apneic spells and aspiration.
To describe a case of an occipital arteriovenous malformation (AVM) presenting with unilateral signs mimicking a carotid-cavernous sinus fistula (CCF).
Cavernous malformation may present with symptoms which include focal neurologic signs, hemorrhagic strokes, seizures, and headaches [ 1].
Six per cent of exposed infants presented with major malformations compared with 2.6% in the comparison group.
