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The association between syringomyelia and malformative conditions, and in particular the Chiari malformations has been examined in some depth, with a wealth of clinical, radiological, pathological, surgical and experimental studies see, for review [ 1- 6].
Certain craniospinal malformations could be diagnosed as early as the dawn of ultrasonography and this group of malformations has been the focus of attention ever since.
But a possible link between exposure to it in pregnancy and microcephaly – resulting in babies with small heads and potential neurological damage – and other congenital malformations has been identified.
Although the association between prenatal exposure to old generation antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and major congenital malformations has been studied for many years, it is not clear whether any specific AED, or AED combination, is more harmful than others, or whether any pattern of malformations can be considered specific for any given drug.
In recent years, the genetic basis of several vascular malformations has been elucidated.
The validity of the current classification systems in effective categorization of the female genital malformations has been already challenged.
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Janus malformations have been produced experimentally in amphibian embryos by a variety of treatments in early stages.
Reduced rates of malformations have been associated with one or a combination of high feed rates, lower larval densities and temperatures, and reductions in 'walling' behaviour.
Vertebral malformations have been classified based on the underlying embryopathy [5, 12] (ESM_12]
Various methods for the treatment of hemangioma and vascular malformations have been introduced.
Because these similarities and transitional forms of these vascular malformations have been observed in some patients, radiation-induced telangiectasias and cavernous malformations have been proposed to exist along a spectrum driven by a common proliferative pathway [47].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com