Cranial NC ablated chick embryos displayed malformations of head structures, shortened OFT and abnormal cardiac looping (Fig. 7M O) resembling the Flk1 cKO mouse mutants.
Developmental delays, pericardial edema, and malformations of head and heart were observed at concentrations > 28 µM, whereas 2.8 µM flusilazole was the lowest concentration where functionally enriched, co-regulated clusters were observed.
Alakailly et al. reported 13 cases that were treated by injecting 3 % STS in the venous malformation of the head and neck [12].
Orofacial clefting is the most common congenital malformation of the head or neck [ 14].
Malformation of the head included mainly the loss (40%) or deformation (26.6%) of gnathal appendages ("Gnath. app").
Lethality endpoints (coagulation of the embryo, nondetection of the heartbeat) and teratogenicity endpoints (malformation of the head, tail, or heart, scoliosis, deformity of yolk, and growth retardation) were evaluated under a microscope at 72 hpf.
In Zebrafish, co-expression of the two proteins lead to developmental defects attributable to hypoplasia, malformation of the head, eyes and somites, a phenotype which is also compatible with enhanced, rather than decrease, p53 suppressive activity [ 15].
In contrast, PABP4 knockdown results mainly in anterior morphological defects (e.g. cephalic and ventral oedema, malformation of the head, poor eye development, and digestive tract deformities) and abnormal swimming motions.
A Phytoplasma infection damaged X. bracteatum crops in the Czech Republic between 1994 and 2001, causing poor growth, bronzing of foliage and malformation of flower heads.
The severe structural malformations of the head and brain of knockout mice lacking caspase-9 or caspase-3 provide experimental evidence that these caspases evolved at least in part to eliminate the vast excess number of neurons produced during development.
