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Although these syndromes share several features as vertebral malformation, growth retardation and internal organ malformation, discrimination between these defects can be done morphologically.
This is the first report indicating a role for BMP4 in SHORT syndrome, Axenfeld Rieger malformation, growth delay, macrocephaly, and diaphragmatic hernia.
53 This dose is equivalent to that received by the mother from 1 day of natural background radiation in the USA, and is orders of magnitude below the 100 200-mSv threshold for deterministic effects (malformation, growth retardation, neurodevelopmental abnormalities).
We also analyzed the frequency of specific comorbid features binned under the OHI category including epilepsy, cardiac malformation, growth abnormalities, dysmorphic features, attention-deficit disorders, other CNS malformation, and other congenital malformation (Additional file 1: Table S1).
This dose is equivalent to that received by the mother from 1 day of natural background radiation in the USA [ 52], and is orders of magnitude below the 100 200 mSv threshold for deterministic effects (malformation, growth retardation, neurodevelopmental abnormalities) [ 54].
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There is already evidence of a spectrum of health problems, ranging from allergies and respiratory conditions, malformations, growth restrictions and even an increasing incidence of cancers, all of which could be related to increased pollution.
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) results in multiple malformations, growth deficiency, and mental retardation.
Substantial data has demonstrated that radiation can cause gross malformations, growth retardation, and central nervous system abnormalities in the fetus (Straume, Blattnig, & Zeitlin, 2010).
Exposed neonates born from infected mothers were compared with unexposed controls on congenital malformations, growth, amniotic fluid, fetal heart rate, one-minute Apgar score and survival.
Manifestations of the developmental toxicity include structural malformations, growth retardation, functional impairment, and/or death of the organism [ 13].
Family history of features present at younger ages such as ID/DD, dysmorphic features, other congenital malformations, growth abnormalities, and cardiac malformations were binned into ID/DD and multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) disorders.
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