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But males with the two small-horn alleles lived longer, having a 75% chance of surviving each year, compared with a 61% chance in males with two big-horn alleles.
In a third experiment, virgin males with two palps were presented with a virgin female, but interestingly, they never mated twice, opting to save a palp for a future mistress.
As Bro-Jørgensen reports online 29 November in Current Biology, lek males with two females on their territory at once tended to focus their attention on the female they'd mated with less.
With respect to sex determination, L sperm from LLR males (with two L genomes) gave approximately equal proportions of sons (mean 47.3% ± SD 17.0) and daughters (52.7% ± 17.0).
Since PG flies were smaller than FG flies (mean ± SD weight, 70.8 ± 2.2 mg and 129.2 ± 3.8 mg, respectively), we supplied PG males with two PG flies to provide approximately the same mass of prey.
Males with two copies of perG (y w per ;{ per +:32.1};+ were crossed with per ;+;+ females, and F1 males containing one copy of rescue construct designated per { per +} were used.
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This insect has gray, pear-shaped females (about 3 mm [0.1 inch] long) and smaller, white males with three longitudinal ridges.
The number of years read: For a male with no, one, or two children 8 years, for males with three or more children 9 years, for women without children 10 years, women with one or two children upon arrival 11 years, and for women with at least three children upon arrival 13 years.
To estimate the reproductive lifespan of males, we incubated individual virgin males with five virgin females for 24 hours and then isolated the males.
QPCR was performed with samples from the heterozygous and wild type males with three replicates each in a 7900 HT Fast Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems).
The pedigree was used to calculate inbreeding coefficients (f) for all males with four known grandparents (n = 159).
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