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The 60 males were selected from 1080 selection candidates (three sons raised per hen) based on their BLUP estimated breeding values (EBV) from phenotypic data on female ancestors and sibs (individual phenotypes or progeny with phenotypes were not available at the time of selection).
The lines used for the present study were produced by selection only on female starvation resistance [ 22] because of the heterogeneity observed among starvation-selected lines when females and males were selected [ 19].
For integrated lines, no pre-selection for the brightest males was performed; L4 males were selected and placed on plates containing all- trans retinol.
No changes in selection strategy were implemented on the male side: 50 males were selected at a young age on a multi-trait index of genomic EBV (GEBV).
Eighteen males were selected per treatment, and they all released semen after slight abdominal pressure.
Twenty-eight patients (18 males) were selected on a first come basis from a larger study of AAA patients.
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Diploid control models predict that under intense postcopulatory sexual selection males are selected to produce sperm whose morphology matches these optima, whereas males under less intense selection are not [27].
The "sexual selection" hypothesis assumes that males are selected to maximize mating opportunities, while females should maximize fecundity [8], [9], [10].
Therefore, a nested cohort of 18 22 year old males was selected for comparison to the soldiers in the present study.
These steps are especially essential for dairy traits on which males are selected and genotyped but for which they are not phenotyped [ 5].
A stratified purposive sample (Fig. 1) comprising 20 females and six males was selected from a pool of 763 participants who had agreed to be contacted.
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