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Since the gene encoding GASP-1 is on the X chromosome, no HET males were produced.
More males were produced from maize than Miscanthus in the Moody Co. diapausing population.
Although males were produced in these populations, we manually removed them before mating, thereby limiting outcrossing rates to substantially less than 1%.
This procedure guaranteed that only closely related larvae of one sex (males) were produced (as a Hymenoptera, Nasonia exhibits a haplo- diploid sex determination mechanism).
In particular, more males were produced in colonies with T. longispinosus brood (mean±s.d., 2.91±3.72) than colonies with T. ambiguus (0.76±0.91) or T. curvispinosus (0.31±0.67) brood, indicating that T. longispinosus broods contained relatively more haploid eggs.
In colonies, in which only ergatoid males were produced, one adult male monopolized all matings.
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In arrhenotoky, haploid males are produced from unfertilized eggs laid by mated (impregnated) females or by so-called secondary, or supplementary, queens, which have not been impregnated.
In arrhenotoky, males are produced from unfertilized eggs laid by mated (impregnated) females or by so-called secondary, or supplementary, queens, which have not been impregnated.
Usually, 10 males are produced per female, but the ratio varies between 20 1 and 1 1.
Ants, bees, and wasps (but not termites) have a peculiar genetic system called haplo-diploidy, in which females are produced sexually and have two sets of genes but males are produced asexually and have one set of genes.
Eggs receiving a Z chromosome become ZZ (male); those receiving a W chromosome become WW and fail to develop, meaning that only males are produced by parthenogenesis in this species.
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