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It is important to note that the majority of social dominance relationships between males were established through non-contact interactions before the rut and therefore before males became vocal [30].
Reciprocal mating pairs (i.e. Coil −/− females and wild-type males as well as wild-type females with Coil −/− males) were established to determine whether gender contributed to the reduced fecundity observed in Figure 1A,B.
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The dominance rank of males is established before they become vocal and remains largely stable across most of the breeding season [ 26].
Three cell lines (1580WÜ, 5-year-old female; MEB-MED-8S, 1-year-old male; and MEB-MED-8A, 1-year-old male) were established by one of the authors (TP) and were used as described previously (Hartmann et al, 2005).
Two bottles (50 females and 50 males per bottle) were established for each cross genotype, and flies were allowed to lay eggs for four days.
Separate regression models were established for male backpackers, male non-backpackers, female backpackers and female non-backpackers.
For male-female isolates, strains were established as isofemale lines or cryopreserved as large, multi-founder populations to maintain the sample's genetic diversity.
Secondly, one may speculate that these Jewish communities were established by males who recruited local women in a number sufficient to make the community genetically sustainable without significant subsequent introgression.
Three FeNO reference equations (for males, females, and total sample) were established, using only previously correlated factors in a stepwise linear regression model.
In his book "The Red Queen", Matt Ridley, a popular science writer, points to differences between male and female behaviour that were established in the early days of Homo sapiens when men specialised in hunting and women in gathering.
All three cell lines were established from male subjects, ages between 21 and 39 years.
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