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In baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus), Fischer et al. [ 3] found that males produced lower mean F0 when older.
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In this last case, males produced lower-frequency syllables.
In red deer (Cervus elaphus), older males produce lower minimum and maximum F0 [ 4].
This preference is based on larger pheromone titres, as sexually immature and sperm-depleted males produce lower pheromone titres (Ruther et al., 2007) and larger males with greater sperm resources secrete more pheromone (Steiner & Ruther, 2009; Blaul & Ruther, 2012).
Their suggestion is based on the finding that compared to females, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from males produce lower amounts of IFN-α and higher amounts of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 following stimulation with different toll-like receptors (TLRs) ligands or viruses, and some of these differences related with plasma levels of sex hormones [ 49].
The positive effect on health produced lower results in females than in males.
We found that body size was not related to the fundamental frequency of groans, whereas larger males produced groans with lower formant frequencies and lower formant dispersion.
These produced lower mercury readings.
Lower-nicotine cigarettes also produced lower scores on ratings of dependence and withdrawal at week 6.
In general, extracts produced lower activity at lower concentrations.
Higher ranking males produced groans with lower minimum fundamental frequency (F0min).
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