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Samples from 20 males of each species were collected.
Males of each species have three distinct sound responses: a congregational song that is regulated by daily weather fluctuations and by songs produced by other males; a courtship song, usually produced prior to copulation; and a disturbance squawk produced by individuals captured, held, or disturbed into flight.
Arnqvist scanned outlines from published taxonomic illustrations of genitalia for 3 to 28 males of each species into a computer, and calculated how much the genitalia of each pair of closely related species had diverged since their common ancestor.
Yet the songs the males of each species use to defend their turf are indistinguishable to people: In previous studies, researchers showed that neither human ears listening to the songs nor human eyes studying spectrograms of the songs could identify any notable differences.
Males of each race respond specifically to their conspecific female's blend.
Sperm from 6 males of each group was counted and analyzed, and the numbers were averaged.
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On d 19 of the experiment, blood samples were collected from one castrated male of each pen to determine blood parameters.
A representative male of each group was then placed in different partitions of a tank, with a female swimming between them.
Videorecordings of one adult male of each species were made in a specially designed cage constructed at the DuMond Conservancy/Monkey Jungle, Miami, FL.
We removed 11 matched pairs of male song sparrows from their territories, replacing one male of each matched pair with loudspeakers broadcasting that male's song (the 'experimental' territory) while leaving the other male's territory silent (the 'control' territory).
One male of each pair was assigned randomly to the supplement treatment, and the other to the control treatment.
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