Mortality among males is predicted to peak at approximately 2040 deaths in the year 2016, with a rapid decline thereafter.
The hemizygous exposure of X alleles in males is predicted to increase variability of expression of X genes of males relative to females, in outbred populations.
Female choice for good genes in males is predicted to lead to the evolution of imprinting (with patrigenic expression) because of the different strength of selection in the two sexes.
As a consequence, a trade-off between gonad development and spleen size in males was predicted and observed [ 4].
Specifically, males are predicted to senesce earlier and faster in such systems either because selection weakens more strongly with age or because costs of reproduction are greater in males (Bonduriansky et al., 2008).
However, the quantity of resources devoted to sexual traits is finite, and so males are predicted to balance their investment between pre- and post-copulatory expenditure depending on the expected pay-offs that should vary according to mating tactics.
Since large eyespan females have higher fecundity ([ 36]; Cotton & Pomiankowski unpublished) and are also more sperm limited [ 36], first males are predicted to invest relatively more in large eyespan, virgin females.
Specifically, male success (mating or reproductive success) was predicted to be significantly skewed (B = 0.0545, p = 0.002), the association between dominance rank and success was predicted to be strong (Z = −5.053, N = 40, p < 0.001), and the alpha male was predicted to be the most successful sire, fathering a fourth of all infants (2006, 26.3%; 2007, 26.3%).
Here, a gender-specific effect in favour of male adolescents is predicted, regardless of school-leaving certificate, due to the dominance of typically male occupations in company-based education and training.
Our main results are that female penduline tits are consistent in their desertion behavior, and male behavior is predicted by ambient environment, in terms of early versus late season.
Specifically, the monopolization potential of a dominant male (determining male reproductive skew) is predicted to be a negative function of the number of other males that are competing and the degree to which female estrous periods are synchronized (Ridley 1986; Cowlishaw and Dunbar 1991; Nunn 1999b).
