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However, for minor males, differences in parameters μ and λ have different implications.
Although the CF genes we examined are statically expressed in maturing males, differences in baseline expression among individual wild type flies could have important phenotypic effects.
Among males, differences among species in the size of gonads and/or sperm, and rates of sperm production, are typically attributed to the intensity of postcopulatory sexual selection in the form of sperm competition: Males experiencing greater sperm competition are expected to invest relatively more biomass in gonads and produce sperm at a relatively higher rate [3], [7], [8], [9], [10].
In males, differences in mean length were complicated by the bimodal nature of the distributions.
Formant frequency values shown in Table 6 reveal that, for males, differences between groups are statistically significant.
Studies in humans [ 9, 10] and in rats [ 11, 12] have shown females to have faster heart rates than males, differences that disappear with age [ 10, 13].
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Furthermore, females reported higher levels of job stress than males (difference = 7.52).
Rates of AS information gathering were higher in females than in males, regardless of the source of information, 66% (27/41) of females accessed online AS information compared with 46% (79/170) of males (difference: 19%; 95%CI: 2.3% to 34%) and similarly, 63% (26/41) of females obtained written AS information compared with 46% (79/170) of males (difference 17%; 95%CI: 0% to 32%).
If only they stayed together and resolved their alpha male differences, the duo could have attained more than eight championships in their respected careers.
But as I am talking here of female vs. male differences in weight gain, you can think about yourself as a preteen, or if you have kids, of your teenagers.
The consistent among-male differences also resulted in a high repeatability estimate for courtship effort.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com