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Wild-type males have ∼10-fold higher levels of GSTP expression in the liver than females, suggesting that hepatic GSTP in the wild-type males contributed to the formation of the nephrotoxic platinum glutathione conjugate.
However, additional positive answers in males contributed to higher likelihood ratios than in females (Table 5).
Our results were consistent in females and males, but positive answers in males contributed to higher likelihood ratios than in females.
That is, in the temporal limit of a model of a single-admixture event, for each female from Europe, ∼3.89 males contributed to the gene pool of African-Americans.
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As another example, males in more than 90 percent of other mammalian species contribute no resources to the offspring, yet all human cultures have long-term cooperative relationships between fathers and mothers in which the males contribute to offspring.
In wild deer and sage grouse, as in Mormon cults, polygyny is associated with high levels of inbreeding, because it shrinks the number of males contributing to the gene pool and increases the relatedness of the entire community.
But we must still prove that older males contribute to selection at ages greater than female menopause.
In an earlier attempt to estimate the level of multiple paternity in L. saxatilis we detected an average of 7.6 males contributing to broods of wild-mated females [24].
In addition, there was no correlation between brain BE levels and plasma testosterone concentration when the analysis was conducted on the eleven different inbred strains including the same N and H males contributing to the present study (ρ spearman = 0.09, P>0.1).
Females could also fail to store sperm from certain males (contributing to so-called 'mating failure': Rhainds, 2010).
This becomes even clearer when comparing gender distribution where only males contribute to the HH association (table 3).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com