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These indicate a mating system known as scramble competition polygyny, where males cannot defend females or the resources that might attract them.
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Furthermore, we cannot exclude the hypothesis that females mated to high-quality males that defend high-quality territories have more orange-like tarsi because they would have access to carotenoid-rich food and are able to invest more in reproduction.
This value is comparable to defendability indices of other pair-living primates, where males could defend areas large enough to include the ranges of 4 7 females (van Schaik & Dunbar 1990; Schülke 2005).
As in many groups in which males defend territories, male crabs often differ in appearance from the females.
Males typically defend large territories against conspecific males.
The bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum, has a complex social system in which large males aggressively defend spawning territories from intruders.
Once mated, the males will defend the females for a short period (around 15 minutes).
Solitary species – often males who defend territories that include the home ranges of several females.
Males aggressively defend breeding substrates, particularly when fertilized eggs are present.
For males, territory possession is a prerequisite for reproductive success (Ursprung et al. 2011a), and males vigorously defend territories against calling intruders (Narins et al. 2003).
Latrines may play a role in mate defense by advertising the commitment of resident males to defend co-resident females (Roper et al. 1986; Jordan et al. 2007).
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