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A limited detectability of predator-related acoustic cues may place singing males at high risk of becoming prey to eavesdropping bats.
The other effect, the increase in males at high temperatures in species previously assigned to pattern 3, is likely the result of sex-reversal of females as a consequence of the inhibition of aromatase (Fig. 3C b), the enzyme that produces estrogens essential for female sex differentiation in fish [37].
Fish with TSD have readily been grouped according to three patterns of sex ratio response to environmental temperature [12] [16]: 1, more males at high temperature; 2, more males at low temperature; and 3 more males at extreme (high and low) temperatures (Fig. 1).
Instead, we found that females were equally accepting of males at high and low density despite males at high density expressing less preferred signals.
That females sample more males at high male density suggests that mate search strategies are density-dependent.
Both Female Experience and Search and Choose trials support the finding that females sampled more males at high than low density, as expected, although the number of courtship behaviours they experienced was approximately equivalent across densities (Table 3, Fig. 4).
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Finally, behavioural observations suggested that males chosen as mates at high male density were particularly vigorous courters.
In this cross-cultural study that included Poland, a 1-l increase in per capita consumption of alcohol was associated with an increase in overall suicide rates by 5.7 7.5%, with males at higher risk than females [46].
Similarly, populations with deficient DNA repair and thus increased mutations rates also maintain males at higher frequencies [ 10].
Lastly, females might actively discard sperm or reject copulations after a certain number of insemination attempts, given that copulations can be costly to survival (at least in some species, [ 9- 13]), potentially limiting the number of contributing males at higher densities.
Experiments with different colonization densities on artificial medium in the laboratory revealed that females adjust the sex ratio to the potential outbreeding opportunities of their sons, producing more males at higher colonization densities [ 23].
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