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More recently, Heubel et al. [ 14] elaborated a model in which male mate preferences and male efficiency (essentially the number of females which can be fertilized by a male) are considered.
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Male efficiencies were used to calculate the expected frequency of nuclei with two signals, one signal and no signal for each test gene.
Male-only releases can significantly improve per-male efficiency [ 22, 23] by concentrating the reproductive effort of released insects on wild females.
Male-only releases can offer improved per-male efficiency (McInnis et al. 1994; Rendón et al. 2000, 2004) and reduced female-specific damage in the field, such as oviposition damage by fruit flies or biting by mosquitoes.
UL3122 males mate successfully and produce cross-progeny with no reduction in male mating efficiency.
We predict that some mating-responsive genes facilitate an increased male mating efficiency for future encounters.
Male mating efficiency was assessed based on two of the assays described above.
Hence, hermaphrodite-derived cues would be a significant variable in determining wild-type male response efficiency and, ultimately, reproductive success.
Less apparent, milder tail defects may be present at higher penetrance and contribute to the large reduction in mir-35 -41(nDf50 ); him-8 (e1489 ) male mating efficiency.
No consequences were observed for locomotion, response to touch, egg-laying, brood size, defecation, growth rate, lifespan or male mating efficiency.
Androdioecy is thought to be an intermediate mating system that would be stable only in very specific conditions [ 57, 58], including high inbreeding depression and high male mating efficiency [ 18, 30].
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