A number of the artists poke fun at their Jewishness, mock and dismiss male constraints on women, and dare to cross the homosocial and ethnic divides in ways that tear identification away from the collective will and bestow it with the individual.
Current utility does not imply evolutionary causation, and therefore it is possible that female ornamentation evolved due to selection on females, as a correlated response to selection on males (sexual constraint), or a combination of both.
Given Nmg values that do not break overall male use constraints, the total number of matings for each male group is then constrained to match this target following the iterative process of adding/subtracting matings from individual candidates, as described above for the no-grouping case and for females in the grouping case.
Likewise, in the model of constraint on males, male scores cannot be lower than the conspecific female scores (when that happens the male score is automatically reset to be equal to the female's), and are pulled towards the conspecific female phenotype by a constant proportion of phenotypic differences.
As a springboard for conclusion, the following hypotheses were set: the level of female youth unemployment exceeds male youth unemployment, financial constraint is the most critical bottleneck to start up a new business in the selected sites, the youth is suffering from unfair competition and corruptive employment actions, and youth in the area lack training related to starting their own venture.
Women in the focus groups noted that low male participation was a constraint in vonder rig drilling.
However, we cannot exclude the possibility that some other currently unknown factor is the primary constraint on male mating frequency in C. dalmanni.
Thus the components of selection operating directly on ornamental traits are largely opposed by indirect selection on correlated traits, and multivariate genetic constraint on male ornamentation is a plausible explanation for the lack of response in attractiveness itself.
The model of constraint on males is the exact reverse: the similarity between the sexes is due to male phenotypes being constrained by the conspecific female phenotypes.
The two alternative models (sexual constraint on males, and mutual constraint) were rejected as causing the similarities in carotenoid coloration between males and females.
