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The mechanism by which helminthes apparently protect against a decrease in hemoglobin in vivax malaria is unknown.
Whether TSP polymorphisms affect adhesion of P. falciparum or susceptibility to severe malaria is unknown.
Specific PfEMP1 variants and binding domains for P-selectin have not yet been identified, and the role of P-selectin in severe malaria is unknown (Table 1).
Similarly, intravenous artesunate is now the treatment of choice for severe falciparum malaria in adults (19, 21 ), but the therapeutic response to this regimen in severe knowlesi malaria is unknown.
Artemisinin-derivative combination therapy is now the WHO treatment of choice for uncomplicated falciparum malaria (19 ) and is increasingly recommended for nonfalciparum malaria (20 ); its efficacy in knowlesi malaria is unknown.
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Although absolute in vitro correlates of protection to malaria are unknown, consensus has emerged that there are specific biosignatures of immunity.
Whether there is genetic variation in the human population affecting glycosaminoglycan synthesis that has the potential to affect parasite binding and malaria susceptibility is unknown.
RBC dehydration is linked to reduced Plasmodium infection in vitro; however, the role of RBC dehydration in protection against malaria in vivo is unknown.
Intravenous artesunate (compared with quinine) reduces the proportion of deaths in severe falciparum malaria (21 ), but its efficacy is unknown in severe knowlesi malaria.
Another possible effect of IE cytoadherence to endothelial cells is to induce a procoagulant state (Ref. 113); however, the importance of coagulation in the pathogenesis of severe malaria is currently unknown.
However, the Pvama1 sequences from this smaller Sri Lanka dataset (N = 23) were derived from clinical malaria presentations, and it is unknown how those alleles seen compare to the full repertoire of alleles present within the circulating P. vivax population from that region.
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