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Immunotoxin expressed in C. reinhardtii chloroplasts by Tran et al. (2013b), binds target B-cells and kills them, making these proteins potential cancer therapies.
While they are completely absent in mammalians, they are key players in the survival of disease-causing protozoans making these proteins attractive pharmacological targets.
CEACAMs have also been identified as receptors for host-specific viruses and bacteria in mice and humans, respectively, making these proteins an interesting example of pathogen host co-evolution.
Serine integrases catalyze the integration and excision of phage genomes into and out of bacterial chromosomes in a highly specific and directional manner, making these proteins powerful tools for genome engineering.
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are reversibly catalyzed by protein kinases and protein phosphatases, and the aberrant regulation of these enzymes is associated with the onset and progression of various disease states such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders, making these proteins attractive targets for drug discovery.
Furthermore, other mammalian stimuli to which pathogenic leptospires respond include physiological osmolarity [16], [17] and temperature [30], [31], which have been shown to rapidly induce the expression of LigA and LigB, making these proteins potential mediators of interactions with the host especially at the onset of an infection.
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Such dissimilarities make these proteins very interesting for drug design and molecular intervention.
When, and only when, these genes are turned on do the bacteria make these proteins and light up.
Researchers have used chemical synthesis and genetic methods to make these proteins and more: protein catenanes, neoglycoproteins, and artificial protein molecules with novel architectures or made from novel building blocks.
In mice, this isn't a problem, because the embryo that is ultimately created is able to make these proteins again.
Such structural data makes these proteins particularly suitable for prioritization of structure-based drug design strategies.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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