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Most of the residual defects on the machining-induced surface are making an angle of 90° with the cutting direction.
In the case of {100} wafer, four {111} planes making an angle of 54.7° with wafer surface expose at ⟨110⟩ directions.
The designed new donors also exhibited planar structure, making an angle of 120° around the nitrogen atom that results in resonance effects through π-bonds of aryl rings.
In the case of the wafer with {110} surface, two slanted planes making an angle of 35.5° with wafer surface and four vertical planes with respect to wafer surface appear along ⟨110⟩ and ⟨112⟩ directions, respectively.
We choose (mathbf {e}_{1}) and (mathbf {e}_{2}) as unit vectors, making an angle of (pi/2) in the square case, and of (pi/3) in the hexagonal case.
The equation of a straight line AB (i.e. <100> line) passing through a point A(( sqrt{2}d,0Big) ) and making an angle of 45° with <110> edge is x-y-sqrt{2}d=0 (9).
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The bony structure of the orbit has lagged even farther behind, and the axes of the two orbits make an angle of only about 45°.
At what is called the critical angle of incidence, the refracted rays make an angle of 90° with the normal in other words, they just skim the boundary of the two media.
Brewster's law, relationship for light waves stating that the maximum polarization (vibration in one plane only) of a ray of light may be achieved by letting the ray fall on a surface of a transparent medium in such a way that the refracted ray makes an angle of 90° with the reflected ray.
When U exceeds Vs, however, the spherical disturbances reinforce one another, as Figure 8B shows, on a conical caustic surface, which makes an angle of sin−1 (U/V) to the line of travel of the source, and it is on this surface that a shock front is to be expected.
When the stone is cut so that the facets of the crown (above the girdle) make an angle of 35° to the plane of the girdle and those of the pavilion (below the girdle) an angle of 41°, the maximum amount of light entering the crown will be reflected back through the crown by the pavilion, and the diamond will possess its maximum brilliance and a high degree of fire.
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