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After the phase difference denoising procedure, the jitter in the phase difference decreases a lot, which makes the phase unwrapping more accurately.
In this part, we will discuss the detection module in the AWGN channel with Doppler, which makes the phase changing in a hop.
The common mode nature of VLF oscillations in power systems makes the phase difficult to estimate and success is dependent on having high resolution frequency measurements.
However, it is not efficient to decode the symbols S 1, S 2, …, S K directly from (17) since the complex channel makes the phase of ∑ k = 1 N tag α jk 2 randomly change over [0, 2Π].
In addition, we indicate that: (a) the increase of fo makes oil in water type slug flow occur at lower Usg; (b) for large diameter pipe and low flow velocity, the phase inversion of liquids occurs at about fo=0.9 and the increase of Usg makes the phase inversion of liquids move to low fo.
The above assumptions, particularly, the uncorrelatedness of Δ ϕ within the ROI makes the phase measured in the g1 modulation (i.e., the speckle interference term) a random variable with zero mean and therefore, carrying no useful information.
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The rupture directivity of the finite source not only makes the phase-velocity of the Rayleigh wave slow, but it also weakens the amplitude spectra of the Rayleigh wave by the absolute value of a sinc function,, with, where ω is the angular frequency, and the other parameters are the same as those in Eq. (2).
It isn't defined, but it appears to involve making the Phase 1 changes permanent.
This is critical for making the phase field models quantitative.
Wave dispersion can make the phase velocity slower than the non-dispersive.
An inappropriate parameter can make the phase shift angle φ keep oscillating.
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