We were therefore unable to make direct estimates of the magnitudes of biases in associations between health outcomes and self-reported physical activity data, which are likely to require independent, objective measures of activity levels [ 31].
6 9 The exponential rise in prevalence and incidence rates with age (with prevalence rates of late AMD quadrupling per decade) 4 makes direct comparisons with estimates from individual studies difficult because they are heavily dependent on the age distribution of the sample at baseline and period of follow-up.
The authors did not explicitly state the inclusion and exclusion criteria, timing of supplementation, choice of control group, and analytical plan to derive their estimate, 36 which makes direct comparison imprecise.
This makes direct international comparison difficult.
It makes direct line cuts.
The objective of this study was to make direct comparisons of the estimates of spiral and vestibular neuronal number in human archival temporal bone specimens using design-based stereology with those using the assumption-based Abercrombie method.
In particular, the second-order empirical Bayes confidence interval, the coverage error of which is of the third order for a large number of areas, m, is widely used in small area estimation when the sample size within each area is not large enough to make reliable direct estimates according to a design-based approach.
28 For the relative accuracy estimates, we also made direct comparisons by restricting analyses to studies that assessed pairs of tests.
19 Our results serve as a valuable confirmation of these previous observations using a different study population, but we note that it may be difficult to make direct comparisons for gout-related cost estimates between the present study and these previous studies due to differences in patient or flare identification algorithms and differences in definitions for cohort assignments.
For each branch, we ranked genes according to the two types of divergence and replaced the divergence estimates with these ranks, to make direct comparisons between branches possible.
