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This "new mosquito" would be based on transgenic strains carrying genes that make them refractory to their parasites.
Parental smoking is known to worsen asthma symptoms in children and to make them refractory to asthma treatment, but the molecular mechanism is unclear.
One possibility is that IL-6 targets conventional CD4+ T cells in order to make them refractory to Treg-mediated suppression.
A careful computational and experimental analysis carried to validate the Drosophila genome annotation has recently concluded that the D.melanogaster genome in fact contains approximately 14,000 protein-coding genes, although some genes presenting unusual features that make them refractory to prediction methods may remain to be discovered [ 9].
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But the vast majority of microbes cannot be cultured in the lab, making them refractory to standard analyses.
The fact that the inhibitory effect of TNF-α was observed only when cultures were pre-incubated with the cytokine suggested that stimulated hepatocytes secrete an inhibitory factor and/or that the TNF-α treatment makes them refractory to infection.
Collectively, these data therefore support a model in which IL-6 signaling in naive T cells makes them refractory to the suppressive activity of Tregs in vivo.
The remaining six Trifolium species had plastome structure similar to T. subterraneum (described in [ 7]), containing several short repetitive regions, which made them refractory to assembly (see Table 1).
These data support the hypothesis that t(11 14) cells clonally evolve in a manner that makes them relatively refractory to signals emanating from these classical myeloma growth/survival factors when compared with those harbouring IgH translocations targeting cyclin D2.
The differentiation and immunoregulatory capabilities of hUC-MSCs make them candidates for treating several refractory diseases.
It is the primary bonds in ceramics that make them among the strongest, hardest, and most refractory materials known.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com