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Another important fact to be taken into account is that shadowing effects make the variance of RSS measurements to increase with distance [6].
As previously mentioned in Section 2.2, we make the variance of each channel gain depend on the distance between the two nodes.
To make the variance of phases of CE-OFDM signals ( {sigma}_{varphi}^2={left(2pi hright)}^2 ), C norm should be set as ( sqrt{2/left(N{sigma}_{PAM}^2right)} ), where ( {sigma}_{PAM}^2=left {M}^2-1right)/3 ) is the variance of the independent and identically distributed M-PAM symbols.
Since the numbers of eggs are very different between young and old and between some of the drug treatments, we modeled the square root of fijk to make the variance less variable.
Many of the traits were transformed to make the variance more homogeneous.
This transformation may allow the response variable to achieve simplicity and additivity in mean structure for the expected value of (y λ ) and make the variance more nearly constant among points in the factor space [ 14].
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This S10 transformation serves to make the variances uniform up and down the measurement scale, while at the same time allowing direct comparisons of transformed intensities between chips, and renders the data in a scale nearly matching the base 10 logarithm in the central range of measurement.
Parameters settings were calculated to make the variances of the simulated biological effects, lab effects and measurement error exactly the same as in the normal simulations.
To estimate within-child and between-child variability, blood VOC concentrations were log-transformed to make the variances homogeneous across different levels of exposure.
The nonlinearities and exogenous disturbances we adopt are non-zero mean, which makes the variance analysis become more difficult.
This modification ensures that the matrix is positive definite, invertible and converges faster, while artificially makes the variance of each vector more dominant with respect to its covariance with the rest of the columns.
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